17 |
FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT |
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The company is exposed to various financial risks due to the nature and diversity of its activities and the use of various financial instruments. These risks include:
– Credit risk – Liquidity risk – Market risk Details of the company’s exposure to each of the above risks and its objectives, policies and processes for measuring and managing these risks are included specifically in this note and more generally throughout the company’s financial statements together with information regarding management of capital The board of directors has overall responsibility for the establishment and oversight of the company’s risk management framework. The board has delegated its responsibility to the Executive Committee, which is responsible for the development and monitoring of risk management policies within the company. The committee meets on an ad hoc basis and regularly reports to the board on its activities. The company’s risk management policies are established to identify and analyse the risks faced by the company, to set appropriate risk limits and controls, and to monitor risks and adherence to limits. Risk management policies and systems are reviewed regularly to reflect changes in market conditions and the company’s activities. The roles and responsibilities of the committee include: – approval of all counterparties; – approval of new instruments; – approval of the group’s foreign exchange transaction policy; – approval of the investment policy; – approval of treasury policy; and – approval of long-term funding requirements. The company also has an internal audit function, which undertakes regular and ad hoc reviews of risk management controls and procedures, the results of which are reported to the Audit and Risk Committee. |
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17.1 |
Credit risk |
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| Credit exposure and concentration of credit risk The carrying value of financial assets represents the maximum credit exposure at the reporting date and the following table indicates various concentrations of credit risk for all non-derivative financial assets recognised in the statement of financial position: |
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| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||
| R’000 | R’000 | |||||||||||||
| Loans to group companies (refer note 1) | 4 629 538 | 4 680 891 | ||||||||||||
| Other receivables – local | 498 597 | 312 404 | ||||||||||||
| Restricted cash (refer note 5) | 479 522 | 450 000 | ||||||||||||
| Cash resources (refer note 6) | 702 214 | 698 125 | ||||||||||||
17.2 |
Liquidity risk |
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The Executive Committee manages the liquidity structure of the company’s assets, liabilities and commitments so as to ensure that cash flows are sufficiently balanced within the company as a whole. Surplus funds are deposited in liquid assets (ie negotiable certificates of deposits and call deposits). The borrowing capacity of the company is determined by its Memorandum of Incorporation in terms of which there is no restriction imposed on the borrowing powers.
Exposure to liquidity risk |
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| Contractual maturity date | ||||||||||||||
| Between | Between | |||||||||||||
| Carrying | Total | Less than | 4 and 12 | 1 and 5 | More than | |||||||||
| amount | cash flows | 4 months | months | years | 5 years | |||||||||
| R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | |||||||||
| 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | ||||||||||||||
| Investment in group companies# | 470 592 | 470 592 | – | – | – | 470 592 | ||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments# | 180 209 | 180 209 | – | – | – | 180 209 | ||||||||
| Investment in foreign listed associate# | 121 953 | 121 953 | – | – | – | 121 953 | ||||||||
| Loans to group companies#* | 4 629 538 | 4 629 538* | 79 503 | – | – | 4 550 035 | ||||||||
| Other receivables | 498 597 | 498 597 | 498 597 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Restricted cash | 479 522 | 479 522 | 479 522 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Cash resources | 702 214 | 702 214 | 702 214 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| 7 082 625 | 7 082 625 | 1 759 836 | – | – | 5 322 789 | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Loans from group companies | 1 079 305 | 1 079 305 | – | 1 079 305 | – | – | ||||||||
| Other payables | 31 931 | 31 931 | 31 931 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Guarantees | 1 486 230 | 1 486 230 | 1 486 230 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| 2 597 466 | 2 597 466 | 1 518 161 | 1 079 305 | – | – | |||||||||
| 2015 | ||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | ||||||||||||||
| Investment in group companies | 470 592 | 470 592 | – | – | – | 470 592 | ||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments | 234 097 | 234 097 | – | – | – | 234 097 | ||||||||
| Investment in foreign listed associate | 121 953 | 121 953 | – | – | – | 121 953 | ||||||||
| Loans to group companies | 4 680 891 | 6 481 360* | 88 400 | 1 712 069 | – | 4 680 891 | ||||||||
| Other receivables | 312 404 | 312 404 | 312 404 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Restricted cash | 450 000 | 450 000 | 450 000 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Cash resources | 698 125 | 698 125 | 698 125 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| 6 968 062 | 8 768 531 | 1 548 929 | 1 712 069 | – | 5 507 533 | |||||||||
| Financial liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Loans from group companies | 1 078 041 | 1 078 041 | – | 1 078 041 | – | |||||||||
| Preference shares issued | 346 100 | 364 609 | 6 667 | 11 842 | 346 100 | – | ||||||||
| Other payables | 15 921 | 15 921 | 15 921 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| Guarantees | 1 227 160 | 1 227 160 | 1 227 160 | – | – | – | ||||||||
| 2 667 222 | 2 685 731 | 1 249 748 | 1 089 883 | 346 100 | – | |||||||||
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17.3 |
Market risk |
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| Market risk is defined as the risk that movements in market risk factors will affect the company’s revenue and operational costs as well as the value of its holdings of financial instruments. The objective of the company’s market risk management policy is to manage and control market risk exposures to minimise the impact of adverse market movements with respect to revenue protection and to optimise the funding of the business operations. Market risk information is prepared and submitted to the Executive Committee where it is monitored and further analysed to be used in the decision-making process. The information submitted includes information on currency and interest rates and is used by the committee to determine the market risk strategy going forward. In addition, key market risk information is reported to the Executive Committee on a weekly basis and forecasts against budget are prepared on a monthly basis. Interest rate risk Interest rate risk arises due to adverse movements in domestic and foreign interest rates. The company is primarily exposed to downward interest rate movements on floating investments purchased and to upward movements on overdrafts and other borrowings. There is no other exposure to fair value interest rate risk as all fixed rate financial instruments are measured at amortised cost. The board determines the interest rate risk strategy based on economic expectations and recommendations received from the Executive Committee. Interest rates are monitored on a regular basis and the policy is to maintain short-term cash surpluses at floating rates of interest. At the reporting date, the interest rate profile of the company’s interest-bearing financial instruments was as follows: |
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| 2016 | 2015 | |||||||||||||
| R’000 | R’000 | |||||||||||||
| Variable rate instruments | ||||||||||||||
| Liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Preference shares (included in long-term borrowings, refer note 10) | – | 346 100 | ||||||||||||
| Assets | ||||||||||||||
| Loan accounts receivable (refer note 1) | 4 629 538 | 4 680 891 | ||||||||||||
| Cash resources (refer note 6) | 702 214 | 698 125 | ||||||||||||
| Fair value sensitivity analysis for fixed rate instruments | ||||||||||||||
| The company does not account for any fixed rate financial assets and liabilities at fair value through profit and loss, therefore a change in interest rates at the reporting date would not affect profit or loss. | ||||||||||||||
| Cash flow sensitivity analysis for variable rate instruments | ||||||||||||||
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An increase of 50 basis points in interest rates at the reporting date would have increased profit after taxation by R25,7 million (2015: R26,3ain constant. There is no impact on the company’st or loss after taxation is equal but opposite for a 50 basis point decrease on the financial instruments listed above. Equity price risk The group’s listed and unlisted investments are susceptible to market price risk arising from uncertainties about future value of the investment. The group manages the equity price risk through monitoring developments in the mining and metal industries. The executive directors of the board review and approve all equity investment decisions. At the reporting date, the exposure to listed investments at fair value was R180,0 million (2015: R234,0 million). A decrease of 1% in the market value of the investments would have an impact of approximately R1,8 million (2015: R2,3 million) on profit or loss, or other comprehensive income depending on whether or not the valuation of the security concerned is stated at below original cost. An increase of 1% in the value of the listed investments would only impact other comprehensive income, and would not have an effect on profit or loss. |
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17.4 |
Classification of financial assets and liabilities |
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| The categorisation of each class of financial asset and liability, including their fair values, are included below: | ||||||||||||||
| Available- | Liabilities at | Total | ||||||||||||
| for-sale | Loans and | amortised | Other assets | carrying | ||||||||||
| investments | receivables | cost | and liabilities | value | ||||||||||
| R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | R’000 | ||||||||||
| 2016 | ||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | ||||||||||||||
| Investment in group companies | – | – | 470 592 | 470 592 | ||||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments | 180 209 | – | – | 180 209 | ||||||||||
| Loans to group companies | – | 4 629 538 | – | 4 629 538 | ||||||||||
| Other receivables | – | 498 597 | – | 498 597 | ||||||||||
| Restricted cash | – | 479 522 | – | 479 522 | ||||||||||
| Cash resources | – | 702 214 | – | 702 214 | ||||||||||
| 180 209 | 6 309 871 | 470 592 | 6 960 672 | |||||||||||
| Financial liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Loans from group companies | – | 1 079 305 | 1 079 305 | |||||||||||
| Other payables | – | 31 931 | 31 931 | |||||||||||
| – | – | 1 111 236 | 1 111 236 | |||||||||||
| 2015 | ||||||||||||||
| Financial assets | ||||||||||||||
| Investment in group companies | – | – | 470 592 | 470 592 | ||||||||||
| Available-for-sale investments | 234 097 | – | – | 234 097 | ||||||||||
| Loans to group companies | 4 680 891 | – | 4 680 891 | |||||||||||
| Other receivables | 312 404 | – | 312 404 | |||||||||||
| Restricted cash | 450 000 | – | 450 000 | |||||||||||
| Cash resources | 698 125 | – | 698 125 | |||||||||||
| 234 097 | 6 141 420 | 470 592 | 6 846 109 | |||||||||||
| Financial liabilities | ||||||||||||||
| Loans from group companies | 1 078 041 | – | 1 078 041 | |||||||||||
| Preference shares issued | 346 100 | – | 346 100 | |||||||||||
| Other payables | 15 923 | – | 15 923 | |||||||||||
| – | 1 440 064 | – | 1 440 064 | |||||||||||